Green synthesis of biocompatible nanostructured hydroxyapatite from Cirrhinus mrigala fish scale – A biowaste to biomaterial

In this study, we report a green approach to prepare biocompatible nanostructured hydroxyapatite (NHAp) crystalline powders from Cirrhinus mrigala fish scale wastes by a simple alkaline heat treatment process. The crystallinity and functional groups of the as-prepared material were confirmed using X-ray diffraction and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The formation of NHAp and Calcium/Phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratio was confirmed using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Ca/P molar ratio was 1.67. The thermal stability of NHAp was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. Further, the biocompatibility of as-synthesized NHAp was examined towards the cell viability of MG-63 cells (human osteosarcoma cells) with various dosages. NHAp boosts up the growth of MG-63 cells which showed superior cell viability and ALP activity when compared with commercial HAp (CHAp). This result illustrates that NHAp synthesized from Cirrhinus mrigala fish scale biowaste showed excellent biocompatibility, and it can be a potential alternative biomaterial for various biomedical applications.