Impact of renewable energy technologies on the embodied and operational GHG emissions of a nearly zero energy building

The renewable energy solutions are being actively applied to achieve nearly and net zero energy buildings, however very few studies have reported the environmental impact of applied renewable energy sources (RES) on a net zero energy building from the perspective of both embodied and operational greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). As the energy performance of buildings improves, the significance of embodied energy and embodied greenhouse gases increases when compared to the operational impacts. These trends can become more important when the technology for net zero energy and off-grid buildings is being advanced especially when necessitating use of energy storage (batteries).