Genomic perspectives on adaptation and conservation in the endangered long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus).

Native to the mountains of East Asia, the long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is a vulnerable wild ungulate in the tribe Caprini. To understand key conservation issues related to fragmentation and subsequent endangerment of this montane species, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a long-tailed goral to explore historical demography, contemporary levels of genetic diversity, and potential immune response. When compared to ten additional mammalian reference genomes, we identified 357 positively selected genes (PSGs) in the long-tailed goral and 364 PSGs in the Caprini lineage. Gene Ontology analyses showed statistical enrichment in biological processes related to immune function and in genes and pathways related to blood coagulation. We also identified low levels of heterozygosity (0.00114) in the long-tailed goral along with decreases in population size relative to other species of Caprini. Finally, we provide evidence for positive selection on the muscle development gene myostatin (MSTN) in the Caprini lineage, which may have increased the muscle development and climbing ability in the caprine common ancestor. Low effective population size and decreased heterozygosity of the long-tailed goral raise conservation concern about the effects of habitat fragmentation, over harvest, and inbreeding on this vulnerable species.