Emerging investigator series: quantification of multiwall carbon nanotubes in plant tissues with spectroscopic analysis

If agricultural plants are exposed to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), they can potentially take up the CNTs from growth media and translocate them to their different tissues. In addition, agricultural application of CNTs recently attracted increasing attention, as they could promote germination, enhance crop yield, and exhibit other benefits. For evaluating the environmental effects of CNTs and optimizing their agricultural application, it is essential to quantify CNTs in plant tissues. In this study, pristine (p-) and carboxyl-functionalized (c-) multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) were extracted from plant tissues by a sequential digestion with nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The extracted MWCNTs were stabilized with nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 and analyzed with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopic analysis to measure the concentration of the MWCNTs in plant (lettuce) tissues. The MWCNT concentration was linearly correlated with the absorbance at 800 nm. The detection limit for p- and c-MWCNTs was achieved at 0.10-0.12, 0.070-0.081, 0.019-0.18 mu g mg(-1) for leaf, stem, and root tissues, respectively. The developed method was applied for lettuce (Lactuca sativa, cv. black seeded Simpson) hydroponically grown with 5, 10, 20 mg L-1 of p-MWCNTs and c-MWCNTs in the culture solution. We detected 0.21 +/- 0.05-4.57 +/- 0.39 mu g mg(-1) p-MWCNTs and 0.20 +/- 0.17-0.75 +/- 0.25 mu g mg(-1) c-MWCNTs in the lettuce roots, positively correlated with the dose of CNTs in solution. We have developed a method for rapid quantification of CNTs in plant tissues using a widely-accessible technique, which can enable reliable analysis of CNTs in plant tissues and provide critical information for evaluating the environmental implications and managing agricultural application of CNTs.