Assessing protected area effectiveness within the Caribbean under changing climate conditions: A case study of the small island, Trinidad

•Approximately 63% of the small island of Trinidad was found to be under forest.•Most plantation forests for harvesting are located inside the protected areas (PAs).•Almost 50% of climate space critical for conservation (CCS) is located outside PAs.•PA effectiveness can be enhanced by maintaining forest cover in CCS outside of PAs.•Regional Caribbean PA network can be a more effective way of controlling species loss.