Control Scheme for Autonomous and Smooth Mode Switching of Bidirectional DC–DC Converters in a DC Microgrid

In dc microgrid (MG) systems, energy storage systems (ESSs) capable of short- or long-term energy buffering are indispensable for energy management and providing high-quality electric energy. The MG should be able to operate in both islanded and grid-connected modes. A sudden failure of ac utility grids can lead to an inoperable condition of the MG or a large transient phenomenon accompanied by os...