Structural and functional connectivity of ascending reticular activating system in a patient with impaired consciousness after a cardiac arrest: A case report.

Rationale: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), as well as resting-state-functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) are promising methods for assessing patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs). Patient concerns: This work describes the main findings using DTI, DTT, and rsfMRI in a patient with a DOC secondary to an anoxic encephalopathy who had a fatal outcome. She was an 85-year-old woman who presented a cardiac arrest and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 20 minutes then returning to spontaneous circulation. After sedation withdrawal, 2 days after the event, she remained with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3/15 and with an absence of brainstem reflexes. Diagnoses: DOC secondary to an anoxic encephalopathy after cardiovascular resuscitation. Interventions: A complete brain MRI scan was performed 72 hours after the initial event, including DTI, DTT, and rsfMRI. DTT demonstrated disruption of both ventral and dorsal tegmental tracts bilaterally. DTI showed a reduction of fractional anisotropic level in the mesencephalic nuclei. Moreover, changes in the number of fiber tracts were not evidenced in any portions of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). Finally, an increase in the anticorrelated and correlated association among the nuclei in the ARAS and the cortex was evidenced. Outcomes: Patient deceased. Lessons: Neuroimaging demonstrated low FA values in the ARAS, destruction of dorsal and ventral tegmental tracts, as well as hyper-connective (highly correlated or anti-correlated) association among ARAS and cortical nuclei compared with 3 healthy control subjects.