Supply chain coordination using wholesale prices with multiple products, multiple periods, and multiple retailers: Bi-level optimization approach.

•Multi-period, multi-product, multi-retailer supply chain coordination is studied.•The proposed coordination method is based on a new approach: Bi-level optimization.•A nonlinear bi-level model is transformed into a mixed-integer programming model.•Experiments result in centralized solutions if 2% retailer profit increase is set.•Also, optimal wholesale prices are greatly affected by a production overtime cost.