Performance of uniform and heterogeneous slip distributions for the modeling of the November 2016 off Fukushima earthquake and tsunami, Japan

The M w 6.9 earthquake off Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, of 22 November 2016 was followed by a tsunami that struck the Japanese coast from Hokkaido in northern Japan to Wakayama Prefecture in western Japan. We compared the performance of a seismologically deduced single-fault model, a seismologically deduced finite fault slip model (FFM), an optimized single-fault model based on tsunami data, the FFM with horizontal shift, and the tsunami waveform inversion models of the previous studies considered for this earthquake regarding reproduction of tsunami waves by tsunami computations. It is important to discuss how these models work well because it is sometimes desirable to obtain an earthquake source model to estimate tsunami waves with a simple process obtained with limited data from the viewpoint of tsunami prediction. The seismologically deduced FFM has an advantage in terms of the information of slip regions of fault plane and was superior to the seismologically deduced single-fault model, especially in predicting amplitudes of tsunami waves. This means that when only with seismic data, the FFM could narrow the range of forecast of tsunami amplitude. In the comparison of models optimized with tsunami data, the single-fault model showed the almost equivalent performance of the tsunami waveform inversion models of previous studies regarding the waveform coincidence with observations and the horizontal location at the negative peak of the initial sea surface displacement. In case the main generation region of the tsunami is concentrated in one place, the tsunamis can be expressed by a single-fault model by conducting the detailed grid search. We also confirmed that the centroid location of centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution and the absolute location of the FFM were not necessarily suitable to express tsunamis, while the moment magnitude, the focal mechanism, the centroid depth of CMT solution, and the relative slip distribution of the FFM were effective to represent tsunamis. Since this event occurred at the shallow depth, the speed of tsunami wave is particularly slow. Therefore, it would be advisable to pay attention to the horizontal uncertainty to apply seismologically obtained solution to tsunami forecast, especially when a tsunami occurs in shallow water.