Specific targeting of somatostatin receptor subtype-2 for fluorescence-guided surgery.

Purpose: Clinically available intraoperative imaging tools to assist surgeons in identifying occult lesions are limited and partially responsible for the high rate of disease recurrence in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Using the established clinical efficacy of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs as a model, we demonstrate the ability of a fluorescent somatostatin analog to selectively target tumors that overexpress somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (SSTR2) and demonstrate utility for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). Experimental Design: A multimodality chelator (MMC) was used as a "radioactive linker" to synthesize the fluorescently labeled somatostatin analog, (67)/Ga-68-MMC(IR800)TOC. In vivo studies were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile, optimal imaging time point, and specificity for SSTR2-expressing tissues. Meso- and microscop-ic imaging of resected tissues and frozen sections were also performed to further assess specific binding, and binding to human NETs was examined using surgical biospecimens from patients with pancreatic NETs. Results: Direct labeling with Ga-67/Ga-68 provided quantitative biodistribution analysis that was in agreement with fluorescence data. Receptor-mediated uptake was observed in vivo and ex vivo at the macro-, meso-, and microscopic scales. Surgical biospecimens from patients with pancreatic NETs also displayed receptor-specific agent binding, allowing clear delineation of tumor boundaries that matched pathology findings. Conclusions: The radioactive utility of theMMCallowed us to validate the binding properties of a novel FGS agent that could have a broad impact on cancer outcomes by equipping surgeons with real-time intraoperative imaging capabilities.