Recruiting The Immune System Against Disease: Lessons For Clinical And Systems Pharmacology

Exposure-response analyses based on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) offer great promise in research and development for vaccination and immunotherapy. While clinical and systems pharmacology integrate actionable multiscale information, quantitative immunology has focused on structural models of immune responses without data-based calibration or prediction. Given the growing immune data sets and to facilitate a systems approach to immunomodulation, we propose a paradigm shift in which the immune response, rather than the PK, captures "exposure."