Cyber-physical manufacturing cloud: Architecture, virtualization, communication, and testbed

•Proposed a scalable service-oriented architecture of Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Clouds.•Discussed a common virtualization method of the machine tools to be accessible over the Internet from cloud.•Described communication mechanisms by elaborating on the contexts of communications in CPMC.•Developed a testbed of the Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Cloud using the presented scalable service-oriented architecture and evaluated by several manufacturing scenarios.