Air temperature optima of vegetation productivity across global biomes

The global distribution of the optimum air temperature for ecosystem-level gross primary productivity ( T_opt^eco ) is poorly understood, despite its importance for ecosystem carbon uptake under future warming. We provide empirical evidence for the existence of such an optimum, using measurements of in situ eddy covariance and satellite-derived proxies, and report its global distribution. T_opt^eco is consistently lower than the physiological optimum temperature of leaf-level photosynthetic capacity, which typically exceeds 30 °C. The global average T_opt^eco is estimated to be 23 ± 6 °C, with warmer regions having higher T_opt^eco values than colder regions. In tropical forests in particular, T_opt^eco is close to growing-season air temperature and is projected to fall below it under all scenarios of future climate, suggesting a limited safe operating space for these ecosystems under future warming.