An investigation of the forces used by clinicians to open spaces with coil springs

Steinbach Gregor,Armstrong David,Kharbanda Om P.,Petocz Peter,Darendeliler M. Ali

Australasian Orthodontic Journal（2023）

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摘要

To determine the forces applied by coil springs used to open spaces for blocked out lateral incisors, and to compare the actual forces used with clinicans’ concepts of an ‘ideal’ force.

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关键词

coil springs,forces,clinicians

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