Human Endogenous Retroviruses: Residues of Ancient Times Are Differentially Expressed in Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND:Eight percent of the human genome consists of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV). These genetic elements are remnants of ancient retroviral germ-line infections. Altered HERV expression is associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases. A physiological role of the HERV-derived proteins syncytin-1 and -2 has been described for the integrity of the human placental cell layer in terms of maintaining feto-maternal tolerance. The aim of this project was to investigate HERV expression in Crohn's disease (CD) with a further focus on syncytins in the gut. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Seventy-four ileal and colonic tissue samples of CD patients and healthy controls have been investigated for mRNA expression of major HERV groups by a comprehensive microarray screening. The most prominent differences have been validated by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot (WB) and qRT-PCR were performed for syncytin-1 and -2. RESULTS:HERV microarray screening revealed a distinct expression profile in ileal and colonic tissue, as well as differential expression in CD compared to healthy controls. qRT-PCR validated differential expression of at least 3 HERV-groups in CD. qRT-PCR, IHC and WB showed a tissue-dependent diminished epithelial expression of syncytins in inflamed CD. CONCLUSION:For the first time, HERV expression has been comprehensively studied in the gut. Between CD and healthy controls we could show a tissue dependent differential HERV expression profile. Notably, we could show that syncytin-1 and -2 are expressed in the epithelial layer in ileal and colonic tissue samples, whereas their diminished tissue-dependent expression in inflamed CD might modulate inflammatory processes at the gut barrier.