Understanding the epidemiology and molecular basis of the insecticides-resistance mechanisms in fleas.

Abstract Fleas are insects that play a major role in public and animal health. They are one of the most frequent external parasites of companion animals worldwide. Some species are known to be vectors of zoonotic pathogens. The control of flea’s infestation has become a priority to preserve human and animalu0027s health integrities. Insecticide treatment is one of the important methods used to control flea’s infestation. The wide use of chemicals has lead to a selective insecticidal pressure on fleas, which conducted to the emergence of resistance to insecticides. In this review, we focused to understand the genetic basis of the insecticides resistance in fleas. To decipher that, we defined first, in this review, the insecticide resistance in fleas, then, we were interested to study the epidemiology of the insecticide resistance in fleas around the world. Additionally, several methods are employed to detect the resistance to insecticide in fleas, mainly the use of impregnated paper and molecular tests. Finally we discussed the molecular mechanisms of insecticides resistance in fleas, namely; kdr, skdr and rdl.