Systemic analysis of multiple coordinated changes associated with clavulanic acid overproduction in an industrial strain of S. clavuligerus

Streptomyces is the largest group of actinomycetes; Streptomyces species are widespread in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Members of Streptomyces genus are of commercial interest because of their capacity to produce a tremendous number of biomolecules and bioactive secondary metabolites. It produces clinically useful antibiotics such as tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, ivermectin, and rifamycins. In addition to antibiotics, Streptomyces also produce other highly valuable pharmaceutical products including anticancer, immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive, antioxidative agents, insecticides, and antiparasitic drugs, which have broad medical and agricultural applications.Streptomyces species produce a range of enzymes that is medically important, including L-asparaginase, uricase, and cholesterol oxidase. Many actinomycetes can produce industrially important enzymes as cellulases, chitinases, chitosanases, α-amylase, proteases, and lipases. Many actinomycetes can produce different pigments that are potentially good alternative of synthetic colors. Streptomyces species have great capacity to produce active surface biomolecules including bioemulsifiers and biosurfactants. Antidiabetic acarbose was produced by strains of Streptomyces via microbial fermentation. Species of Streptomyces have shown the ability to synthesize cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, like pravastatin. Recently, Streptomyces species can be used as environmentally friendly “nanofactories” for nanoparticles synthesis. Some Streptomyces species are a promising for vitamin B12 production.