Evaluation of cytotoxicity and in silico epitope prediction of a PEGylated snake venom serine protease: a step closer to therapeutic applications

The CD-1 mouse mammary gland is sexually dimorphic, with males lacking nipples. Recent studies have revealed that the underlying epithelium in the male mammary gland is sensitive to estrogenic environmental chemicals. In ongoing investigations, we observed asymmetric morphology in the left and right male mouse mammary glands. Here, we quantified these asymmetries in the embryonic, prepubertal, pubertal and adult male mammary gland. We found that the right gland was typically larger with more branching points compared to the left gland. We next evaluated the response of the left and right glands to 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) after perinatal or peripubertal exposures. We found that the right gland was more responsive to EE2 than the left at both periods of exposure. These results reveal novel aspects of male mammary gland biology and suggest that future studies should control for laterality in the evaluation of hazards associated with exposures to estrogenic chemicals.