Transport, properties, and life cycles of mesoscale eddies in the eastern tropical South Pacific

The influence of mesoscale eddies on the flow field and the water masses, especially the oxygen distribution of the eastern tropical South Pacific, is investigated from a mooring, float, and satellite data set. Two anticyclonic (ACE1/2), one mode-water (MWE), and one cyclonic eddy (CE) are identified and followed in detail with satellite data on their westward transition with velocities of 3.2 to 6.0 cm s(-1) from their generation region, the shelf of the Peruvian and Chilean upwelling regime, across the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS; similar to 20 degrees S, 85 degrees W) to their decaying region far west in the oligotrophic open ocean. The ORS is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone and the well oxygenated South Pacific subtropical gyre. Velocity, hydrographic, and oxygen measurements at the mooring show the impact of eddies on the weak flow region of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Strong anomalies are related to the passage of eddies and are not associated with a seasonal signal in the open ocean. The mass transport of the four observed eddies across 85 degrees W is between 1.1 and 1.8 Sv. The eddy type-dependent available heat, salt, and oxygen anomalies are -8.1 x 10(18) J (ACE2), -1.0 x 10(18) J (MWE), and -8.9 x 10(18) J (CE) for heat; -25.2 x 10(10) kg (ACE2), -3.1 x 10(10) kg (MWE), and -41.5 x 10(10) kg (CE) for salt; and -3.6 x 10(16) mu mol (ACE2), -3.5 x 10(16) mu mol (MWE), and -6.5 x 10(16) mu mol (CE) for oxygen showing a strong imbalance between anticyclones and cyclones for salt transports probably due to seasonal variability in water mass properties in the formation region of the eddies. Heat, salt, and oxygen fluxes out of the coastal region across the ORS region in the oligotrophic open South Pacific are estimated based on these eddy anomalies and on eddy statistics (gained out of 23 years of satellite data). Furthermore, four profiling floats were trapped in the ACE2 during its westward propagation between the formation region and the open ocean, which allows for conclusions on lateral mixing of water mass properties with time between the core of the eddy and the surrounding water. The strongest lateral mixing was found between the seasonal thermocline and the eddy core during the first half of the eddy lifetime.