Fram Strait and Greenland Sea transports, water masses, and water mass transformations 1999-2010 (and beyond)

The exchanges between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean are important for the ocean circulation and climate. Transports are here estimated using summer hydrographic data from the Greenland Sea and the Fram Strait. Geostrophic transports are computed from hydrographic sections at 758N in the Greenland Sea and at about 79 degrees N in the Fram Strait. Geostrophic velocities are adjusted with summer velocities derived from Argo floats, and four conservation constraints are applied to a box closed by the two sections. The estimated net volume transports are 0.8 +/- 1.5 Sv southward. Net freshwater transports through the Greenland Sea section are estimated at 54 +/- 20 mSv and through the Fram Strait section at 66 +/- 9 mSv. Heat loss in the area between the two sections is estimated at 9 +/- 12 TW. Convection depths in the Greenland Sea are estimated from observations and vary between about 200 and 2000 dbar showing no trend. Water mass properties in the Greenland Sea are affected both by convection and lateral mixing. Vertical mixing is estimated from hydrography and based on it about 1 Sv of diluted Arctic Ocean waters are estimated to enter the Greenland Sea. The properties of Atlantic, intermediate, and deep waters are studied. Deep water properties are defined using water mass triangles and are subject to decadal changes.