Elk responses to trail-based recreation on public forests
Forest Ecology and Management(2018)
摘要
•Elk avoided recreationists and recreation trails on a public forest.•Elk stayed hidden from view as part of avoidance responses.•Avoidance was strongest in response to all-terrain vehicle riding, followed by mountain biking.•Avoidance was less strong in response to hiking and horseback riding.•Managers can use results for multiple use planning on public forests.
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关键词
All-terrain vehicles,ATV riding,Elk,Forest roads,Hiking,Horseback riding,Mountain biking,Motorized traffic,Off-highway vehicles,Public forests,Recreation,Recreation trails,Road avoidance,Roads
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