Total p-differentials on schemes over Z/p2

For a scheme X defined over the length 2 p-typical Witt vectors W2(k) of a characteristic p field, we introduce total p-differentials which interpolate between Frobenius-twisted differentials and Buium's p-differentials. They form a sheaf over the reduction X0, and behave as if they were the sheaf of differentials of X over a deeper base below W2(k). This allows us to construct the analogues of Gauss–Manin connections and Kodaira–Spencer classes as in the Katz–Oda formalism. We make connections to Frobenius lifts, Borger–Weiland's biring formalism, and Deligne–Illusie classes.