Comparison of four building archetype characterization methods in urban building energy modeling (UBEM): A residential case study in Kuwait City

•Accuracy problems for archetype-based Urban Building Energy Models are discussed.•A Bayesian calibration method for urban archetype parameters is introduced.•An energy model is generated as a case study for a residential district in Kuwait.•Three common archetype definition methods are compared with calibration method.•Calibration reduced EUI distribution errors a 14–35% against typical models.