A comparison of policies to reduce the methane emission intensity of smallholder dairy production in India

•Anaerobic digester leakage estimates for Indian digesters need to be revised.•Anaerobic digester installation increased emission intensity by 4.41–5.01%.•Anaerobic digesters move emissions from the energy sector into the dairy sector.•FMD control reduced emission intensity by 3.68–12.95% depending on infection rates.•FMD control is recommended as means of reducing emission intensity.