Assessment of the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems based on data from field experiments and long-term monitored field gradients in Catalonia

•Extensive experimental and observational evidence of climate change impacts on Mediterranean plants and ecosystems is provided.•Genetics, epigenetics, morphology, physiology and phenology of living organisms are changing.•As a result, interactions between species and the species composition of communities are also altered.•The capacity of C uptake is reduced and the risk of nutrient losses is increased.•The experimental and observational data provides useful information for the management of Mediterranean forests.