Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of literature studies

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have an increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Common carotid intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques are surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis and predictors of CV events. Methods and results: We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between COPD and subclinical atherosclerosis. Studies evaluating the impact of COPD on CCA-IMT and on the prevalence of carotid plaques were systematically searched. Results: Twenty studies (2082 COPD patients and 4844 controls) were included, 12 studies with data on CCA-IMT (13 data-sets on 1180 COPD patients and 2312 controls) and 12 studies reporting on the prevalence of carotid plaques (1231 COPD patients and 4222 controls). Compared to controls, COPD patients showed a significantly higher CCA-IMT (mean difference [MD]: 0.201 mm; 95% CI: 0.142, 0.260; p < . 001), and an increased prevalence of carotid plaques (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.503; 95% CI: 1.333, 2.175; p < . 0001). Meta-regression models showed a direct association between disease severity [as expressed by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) class] and the difference in the risk of carotid plaques presence between COPD patients and controls. Conclusions: COPD is significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. These findings may be useful to plan adequate CV prevention strategies.