Patterns of failure for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with salvage surgery and postoperative IMRT reirradiation

Purpose/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patterns of locoregional recurrence (LRR) after surgical salvage and adjuvant reirradiation with IMRT for recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC).Materials/Methods: Patterns of LRR for 61 patients treated consecutively between 2003 and 2014 who received post-operative IMRT reirradiation to >= 60 Gy for recurrent HNSCC were determined by 2 methods: 1) physician classification via visual comparison of post-radiotherapy imaging to reirradiation plans; and 2) using deformable image registration (DIR). Those without evaluable CT planning image data were excluded. All recurrences were verified by biopsy or radiological progression. Failures were defined as in-field, marginal, or out-of-field. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors for LRR.Results: A total of 55 patients were eligible for analysis and 23 (42 %) had documented LRR after reirradiation. Location of recurrent disease prior to salvage surgery (lymphatic vs. mucosal) was the most significant predictor of LRR after post-operative reirradiation with salvage rate of 67 % for lymphatic vs. 33 % for mucosal sites (p = 0.037). Physician classification of LRR yielded 14 (61 %) in-field failures, 3 (13 %) marginal failures, and 6 (26 %) out-of-field failures, while DIR yielded 10 (44 %) in-field failures, 4 (17 %) marginal failures, and 9 (39 %) out-of-field failures. Most failures (57 %) occurred within the original site of recurrence or first echelon lymphatic drainage. Of patients who had a free flap placed during salvage surgery, 56 % of failures occurred within 1 cm of the surgical flap.Conclusion: Our study highlights the role of DIR in enhancing the accuracy and consistency of POF analysis. Compared to traditional visual inspection, DIR reduces interobserver variability and provides more nuanced insights into dose-specific and spatial parameters of locoregional recurrences. Additionally, the study identifies the location of the initial recurrence as a key predictor of subsequent locoregional recurrence after salvage surgery and re-IMRT.