Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Elastic Moduli of Silicate Glasses and Crystals

A combined quantum mechanical and thermodynamic approach to the mechanical properties of multicomponent silicate glasses is presented. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory on various silicate systems were performed to explore the crystalline polymorphs existing for a given chemical composition. These calculations reproduced the properties of known polymorphs even in systems with extensive polymorphism, like MgSiO3. Properties resting on the atomic and electronic structure, i.e., molar volumes (densities) and bulk moduli were predicted correctly. The theoretical data (molar equilibrium volumes, bulk moduli) were then used to complement the available experimental data. In a phenomenological evaluation, experimental data of bulk moduli, a macroscopic property resting on phononic structure, were found to linearly scale with the ratios of atomic space demand to actual molar volume in a universal way. Silicates ranging from high-pressure polymorphs to glasses were represented by a single master line. This suggests that above the Debye limit (in practice: above room temperature), the elastic waves probe the short range order coordination polyhedra and their next neighbor linkage only, while the presence or absence of an extended translational symmetry is irrelevant. As a result, glasses can be treated with respect to the properties investigated as commensurable members of polymorphic series. Binary glasses fit the very same line as their one-component end members, again both in the crystalline and glassy state. Finally, it is shown that the macroscopic properties of multicomponent glasses are also linear superpositions of the properties of their constitutional phases (as determined from phase diagrams or by thermochemical calculations) taken in their respective glassy states. This is verified experimentally for heat capacities and Young's moduli of industrial glass compositions. It can be concluded that the combined quantum mechanical and thermochemical approach is a quantitative approach for the design of glasses with desired mechanical properties, e.g., for the development of high-modulus glasses.