Factors Associated with Survival during High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Children

Our aim is to determine indicators of survival in children with severe hypoxic respiratory failure (HRF) after transition to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Single-center retrospective examination of children with HRF transitioned to HFOV. Blood gases and ventilator settings 24 hours prior to and 48 hours after HFOV in survivors and nonsurvivors were evaluated. Sixty-two children with mean age of 7 years and mean weight of 26 kg were included with an observed mortality of 29%. Mean airway pressures (Paw), oxygenation index (OI), arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) (P/F) ratio, pH, bicarbonate, and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure were similar prior to HFOV in survivors and nonsurvivors. During HFOV, mean OI and P/F ratio improved in both groups with an average Paw increase of similar to 10 cm H2O. Survivors had lower OI than nonsurvivors (21 +/- 0.9 vs. 26.5 +/- 2.2; p < 0.01) beginning 24 hours after HFOV. P/F ratio appears to diverge by 36 hours, with survivors having P/F ratio > 200. Survivors had higher pH than nonsurvivors at 36 hours (7.40 +/- 0.01 vs. 7.32 +/- 0.02; p < 0.05), higher bicarbonate levels (27.1 +/- 0.7 vs. 23.9 +/- 1.3 mEq/L), and similar arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure with less oscillatory support (i.e., hertz and amplitude). Inhaled nitric oxide was used in 53% of patients with improvements in oxygenation but with no effect on mortality. HFOV improves oxygenation in children with severe HRF. Nonsurvivors can be distinguished from survivors at 24 to 36 hours during HFOV by higher OI, metabolic acidosis, and higher oscillatory support. These data may assist in prognostication or timing of initiating alternative therapies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.