Effect of breakfast eating versus breakfast skipping on obesity related anthropometry: a systematic review

BackgroundBreakfast consumption is frequently recommended for weight loss and the prevention of obesity. Although breakfast eating has been repeatedly associated with lower BMIs through numerous observational studies and meta-analyses of observational studies, the causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity has not been systematically reviewed. ObjectiveTo synthesize available evidence on the effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on anthropometric measures related to weight in randomized controlled trials. MethodsScopus, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Alt-HealthWatch, and Proquest Global Thesis and Dissertation databases were searched for randomized controlled trials in humans that investigated the effects of breakfast consumption or skipping on weight-related outcomes. Inclusion criteria were: studies with 72 hours or longer of intervention; reported changes in weight-related outcomes measured objectively; participants with normal weight or greater; participants without diseases expected to in...