Pesticides used against Cydia pomonella disrupt biological control of secondary pests of apple

•C. pomonella control programs had very different outcomes for secondary pests.•Spinetoram was most often associated with high densities of E. lanigerum.•Chlorantraniliprole was most often associated with low densities of E. lanigerum.•Target effects on pests confounded nontarget effects on natural enemies.•Secondary pests were easily measured, nontarget effects were more difficult.