Multiple Framing: Verbal, Facial, and Vocal Cues in Risky Choice

Verbal framing effects have been widely studied, but little is known about how people react to multiple framing cues in risk communication, where verbal messages are often accompanied by facial and vocal cues. We examined joint and differential effects of verbal, facial, and vocal framing on risk preference in hypothetical monetary and life-death situations. In the multiple framing condition with the factorial design (2 verbal frames x 2 vocal tones x 4 basic facial expressions x 2 task domains), each scenario was presented auditorily with a written message on a photo of the messenger's face. Compared with verbal framing effects resulting in preference reversal, multiple frames made risky choice more consistent and shifted risk preference without reversal. Moreover, a positive tone of voice increased risk-seeking preference in women. When the valence of facial and vocal cues was incongruent with verbal frame, verbal framing effects were significant. In contrast, when the affect cues were congruent with verbal frame, framing effects disappeared. These results suggest that verbal framing is given higher priority when other affect cues are incongruent. Further analysis revealed that participants were more risk-averse when positive affect cues (positive tone or facial expressions) were congruently paired with a positive verbal frame whereas participants were more risk-seeking when positive affect cues were incongruent with the verbal frame. In contrast, for negative affect cues, congruency promoted risk-seeking tendency whereas incongruency increased risk-aversion. Overall, the results show that facial and vocal cues interact with verbal framing and significantly affect risk communication. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.