Duality of Quantum and Classical Error Correction Codes: Design Principles and Examples

Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) can be constructed from the known classical coding paradigm by exploiting the inherent isomorphism between the classical and quantum regimes, while also addressing the challenges imposed by the strange laws of quantum physics. In this spirit, this paper provides deep insights into the duality of quantum and classical coding theory, hence aiming for bridging the gap between them. Explicitly, we survey the rich history of both classical as well as quantum codes. We then provide a comprehensive slow-paced tutorial for constructing stabilizer-based QECCs from arbitrary binary as well as quaternary codes, as exemplified by the dual-containing and non-dual-containing Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) codes, non-CSS codes and entanglement-assisted codes. Finally, we apply our discussions to two popular code families, namely to the family of Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem as well as of convolutional codes and provide detailed design examples for both their classical as well as their quantum versions.