Evaluation of the Fentanyl Patch-for-Patch Program in Ontario, Canada

We found that the implementation of a P4P program in select counties in Ontario was associated with a lower volume of fentanyl patches dispensed by pharmacies, without an increase in use of other opioids. The program had no measurable impact on rates of opioid toxicity-related hospital visits or deaths. Policymakers should consider the use of P4P programs as part of larger opioid strategy.