The Role of Additional Spine Surgery in the Management of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, and Intractable Pain in the Setting of Previous or Concurrent Spinal Cord Stimulation: Indications and Outcomes

OBJECTIVE:Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is both relatively safe and reversible. Although SCS is generally regarded as a last resort, some of these patients will undergo additional spinal surgery after the device has been implanted or after its removal. We present a descriptive study of subsequent spinal surgery after SCS implantation. METHODS:A retrospective review of patients who had undergone percutaneous or paddle SCS lead placement at our institution from 2009 to 2016 was performed. Patients who had only undergone trials or who had not undergone spine surgery after SCS implantation were excluded. RESULTS:We identified 22 patients (5.7%) who had undergone spine surgery during the course of SCS treatment or after SCS removal, or both, of a total 383 patients who had undergone paddle and/or percutaneous SCS implantation. The most common additional spine interventions included lumbosacral decompression and fusion (n = 15; 42%). Of 36 surgeries, the most frequent indications for subsequent intervention were stenosis or restenosis (n = 16; 73%) and spine deformity (n = 6; 27%). The median EuroQol-5D index was 0.397 preoperatively and 0.678 postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS:To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to describe spine surgery in the setting of SCS implantation. Our results have indicated that spine surgery subsequent to, or concurrent with, SCS implantation appears to occur in few patients. Our study results suggest a modest improvement in quality of life outcomes. Therefore, clinicians should remember that patients might require further spine surgery despite the use of SCS implantation and, thus, might require reevaluation by the spine team.