Widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX for fluorescence-guided neurosurgery: an ex vivo feasibility study.

Achieving a maximal safe extent of resection during brain tumor surgery is the goal for improved patient prognosis. Fluorescence-guided neurosurgery using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX has thereby become a valuable tool enabling a high frequency of complete resections and a prolonged progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients. We present a widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging device with 250 mm working distance, working under similar conditions such as surgical microscopes based on a time-of-flight dual tap CMOS camera. In contrast to intensity-based fluorescence imaging, our method is invariant to light scattering and absorption while being sensitive to the molecular composition of the tissue. We evaluate the feasibility of lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX using our system to analyze brain tumor phantoms and fresh 5-ALA-labeled human tissue samples. The results demonstrate the potential of our lifetime sensing device to go beyond the limitation of current intensity-based fluorescence-guided neurosurgery.