Spermidine plays a significant role in stabilizing a master transcription factor Clp to promote antifungal activity in Lysobacter enzymogenes

Spermidine is a common polyamine compound produced in bacteria, but its roles remain poorly understood. The bacterial SpeD encodes an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase that participates in spermidine synthesis. Lysobacter enzymogenes is an efficient environmental predator of crop fungal pathogens by secreting an antifungal antibiotic HSAF (heat-stable antifungal factor), while Clp is a master transcription factor essential for the antifungal activity of L. enzymogenes . In this work, we observed that speD was a close genomic neighbor of the clp gene. This genomic arrangement also seems to occur in many other bacteria, but the underlying reason remains unclear. By using L. enzymogenes OH11 as a working model, we showed that SpeD was involved in spermidine production that was essential for the L. enzymogenes antifungal activity. Spermidine altered the bacterial growth capability and HSAF production, both of which critically contributed to the L. enzymogenes antifungal activity. We further found that spermidine in L. enzymogenes was able to play a crucial, yet indirect role in maintaining the Clp level in vivo, at least partially accounting for its role in the antifungal activity. Thus, our findings suggested that spermidine probably plays an uncharacterized role in maintaining the levels of the master transcription regulator Clp to optimize its role in antifungal activity in an agriculturally beneficial bacterium.