Probing the Molecular Interactions and Lubrication Mechanisms of Purified Full-length Recombinant Human Proteoglycan 4 (rhPRG4) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA).

Probing the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin, also known as proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), is important for understanding the ultralow friction of cartilage lubrication. Most previous research has focused on native lubricin either purified from synovial fluid or articular cartilage explant culture media. In this work, the adsorption behavior and lubrication mechanism of full-length recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on mica as well as the effect of adding hyaluronic acid (HA, a polysaccharide) were systematically investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) technique. A low friction coefficient (mu similar to 0.04) was measured when multilayer rhPRG4 (similar to 31 nm) was confined in between mica surfaces, even when the load increased to similar to 1.2 MPa. Intriguingly, a previously unreported ultralow friction coefficient (mu < 0.005) was observed at a low sliding velocity (v = 0.14 mu m/s) with the applied load P reaching similar to 3.6 MPa when a diluted rhPRG4 solution (similar to 90 mu g/mL) was used. The distinct friction behavior is likely due to the smooth and more close-packed lubricin coating, as made evident by the atomic force microscope imaging. Adding HA onto multilayer rhPRG4-coated mica increased the friction coefficient mu to similar to 0.1; however, the load bearing property increased, indicating potential synergistic effect between rhPRG4 and HA, which was further demonstrated by the weak adhesion observed when separating rhPRG4-coated mica and HA-coated aminopropyltriethoxysilane-mica (APTES-mica). Alternatively, adding premixed rhPRG4-HA on mica had a friction coefficient (mu similar to 0.1) close to that of injecting concentrated rhPRG4 (similar to 450 mu g/mL) with lower load sustainability. Our results provide fundamental insights into the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin and its interaction with HA, with useful implications for the underlying mechanism of ultralow friction provided by synovial fluid.