Comparison of efficacy and safety of preventive measures used against canine leishmaniasis in southern European countries: Longitudinal retrospective study in 1647 client-owned dogs (2012-2016).

•Around 90% of studied dogs did receive some preventive measure.•The most utilized measure was repellents alone in 45.7% of dogs.•Incidence of clinical leishmaniosis was 12.5% in the unprotected group.•All preventive measures (except vaccination alone) resulted in some benefit.•Adverse events occurred in 5.2% of dogs and were mostly mild and self-limiting.