Palliative Care Consultation Trends Among Hospitalized Patients With Advanced Cancer in the United States, 2005 to 2014.

Background: Although palliative care services are increasing in the United States, disparities exist in access and utilization. Hence, we explored these factors in hospitalized patients with advanced cancers using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of NIS data, 2005 to 2014, and included patients >= 18 years with advanced cancers with and without palliative care consultations. Both chi(2) and independent t tests were used for categorical and continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regressions were used for identifying factors associated with palliative care consultations. Results: Palliative care consultations were recorded in 9.9% of 4 732 172 weighted advanced cancer hospitalizations and increased from 3.0% to 15.5% during 2005 to 2014 (relative increase, 172.2%, P-trend < .01). Factors associated with higher palliative care consultations were increasing age, >= 80 years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-1.56); black race (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.14-1.28); private insurance coverage (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02-1.18); West region (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01-1.33); large hospitals (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34); high income (OR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.08-1.17); do-not-resuscitate (dying patients) status (OR: 10.55; 95% CI: 10.14-10.99); and in-hospital radiotherapy (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.21). Palliative care consultations were lower in patients with chemotherapy (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.60-0.84). Conclusion: Many demographic, socioeconomic, health-care, and geographic disparities were identified in palliative care consultations. Additionally, palliative care resources were underutilized by hospitalized patients with advanced cancers and commonly utilized by patients who are dying. Health-care providers and policy makers should focus on these disparities in order to improve palliative care use.