Periplasmic Chaperones and Prolyl Isomerases.

The biogenesis of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in is assisted by a variety of processes that help with their folding and transport to their final destination in the cellular envelope. Chaperones are macromolecules, usually proteins, that facilitate the folding of proteins or prevent their aggregation without becoming part of the protein's final structure. Because chaperones often bind to folding intermediates, they often (but not always) act to slow protein folding. Protein folding catalysts, on the other hand, act to accelerate specific steps in the protein folding pathway, including disulfide bond formation and peptidyl prolyl isomerization. This review is primarily concerned with and periplasmic and cellular envelope chaperones; it also discusses periplasmic proline isomerization.