Retraction Note to: Mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto tissue-engineered osteoinductive scaffolds enhance the healing process of critical-sized radial bone defects in rat

Long bone defects comprise one of the most prevalent clinical problems worldwide and the current bone grafting materials have major limitations to repair them. Although tremendous efforts have been made to repair critical-sized long bone defects in animal models, designing an optimal bone tissue-engineered substitute remains one of the main challenges. Hence, this study aims to closely mimic a natural bone healing process by a tissue-engineered construct including osteoinductive materials pre-seeded with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Bioactive glass (BG) was incorporated into the gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite (G/nHAp) scaffold (conventional one) to improve the bone regeneration process via its osteoinductivity and angiogenic activity. The fabricated G/nHAp and gelatin/nano-hydroxyapatite/bioactive glass (G/nHAp/BG) scaffolds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed for porosity and degradation rate. The osteogenic capability of fabricated scaffolds with or without BMSCs was then evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Critical-sized radial bone defects in rats were randomly filled with cell-free and BMSC-seeded scaffolds, autograft and a group left empty without any treatment. In vitro analysis showed that the G/nHAp/BG scaffold significantly increased the expression level of osteogenic and angiogenic markers in comparison to the G/nHAp-treated and control groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the defects treated with the BMSC-seeded scaffolds showed superior bone formation and structural properties compared to the cell-free scaffolds 4 and 12 weeks post surgery. The radiological and histomorphological properties of defects treated by BMSC-seeded scaffolds, especially the BMSC-seeded G/nHAp/BG scaffold, were comparable to those of the autograft group. It is concluded that the combination of osteoconductive materials (i.e., nHAp) with the bioactive ones such as bioactive glass can effectively accelerate the bone regeneration process. In addition, our results demonstrated that the BMSCs have the potential to drastically increase the bone regeneration ability of osteoinductive scaffolds.