Food parenting practices and their association with child nutrition risk status: comparing mothers and fathers.

In Canada, little is known about how food parenting practices are associated with young children's dietary intakes and no studies have examined food parenting practices of Canadian fathers. This study aimed to examine associations between food parenting practices and preschool-age children's nutrition risk. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of thirty-one 2-parent families; 31 mothers, 31 fathers, and 40 preschool-age children. Parents completed an adapted version of the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire. We calculated children's nutrition risk using their NutriSTEP score. To account for sibling association, we used generalized estimating equations, adjusting for child age, sex, household income, and parental body mass index. Both mothers' and fathers' involvement of children in meal preparation were associated with lower child nutrition risk (mother (beta) over cap = -3.45, p = 0.02; father ((beta) over cap= -1.74, p = 0.01), as were their healthy home environment scores (mother (beta) over cap = -8.36, p < 0.001; father ((beta) over cap = -2.69, p = 0.04). Mothers' encouragement of balance and variety was associated with lower nutrition risk ((beta) over cap = -8.88, p = 0.01), whereas mothers' use of food as a reward was associated with higher nutrition risk ((beta) over cap= 4.67, p < 0.001). Fathers' modelling of healthy behaviours was associated with lower nutrition risk ((beta) over cap = -2.21, p = 0.01), whereas fathers' restriction for health ((beta) over cap = 2.21, p = 0.03) and pressure-to-eat scores ((beta) over cap = 3.26, p = < 0.001) were associated with higher nutrition risk. No associations were found between child nutrition status and parental emotion regulation, control, monitoring, or restriction for weight. In conclusion, both mothers' and fathers' food parenting practices are associated with their children's nutrition status. Fathers should be included in food parenting practices interventions.