Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nebulized and Intratracheal Milrinone in a Swine Model of Hypercapnia Pulmonary Hypertension.

The intratracheal methods, particularly intratracheal atomization, showed less hemodynamic effect than nebulizations and, in the case of intratracheal instillation, unpredictable drug exposure. Nebulization methods on the other hand, especially simple jet nebulization, suggest better efficacy and sensitivity but are less fit for emergency situations.