The influence of socioeconomic status on gestational weight gain: a systematic review.

Background Despite a large number of publications regarding the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and gestational weight gain (GWG), the literature is inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review of current evidence relating to the association between SES and GWG, according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines. Methods Six electronic databases were searched, with the final search run on first July 2016. The PRISMA Statement guidelines were followed and a modified version of the RTI Item Bank was used to assess risk of bias within studies. The primary outcome was inadequate, adequate or excessive GWG, as per the IOM guidelines. Results Sixteen studies were included. There was a positive skew in the number of studies that indicated that those who are less well educated are most at risk of gaining weight outside of the recommendations. Other measures of SES were not significantly associated with GWG. Conclusions Low educational attainment is likely to be associated with women gaining outside the IOM recommendations for GWG. Healthcare providers should provide additional support to pregnant women who are most at risk of gaining outside the recommendations, thus reducing the gap in health inequalities between those of high and low SES.