Sea Surface Kinematics From Near-Nadir Radar Measurements.

Doppler radars at all incidence angles measure mean velocities and spreads that have complex relations to oceanic motions, with opportunities to measure winds, waves, and currents. Here, we extend previous theoretical models of backscatter and Doppler using a Kirchhoff approximation and the physical optics model. We show that in Ka-band, around 12° incidence, range-resolved measurements of Doppler...