A LIDAR sensor prototype with embedded 14-bit 52 ps resolution ILO-TDC array
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing(2017)
摘要
High resolution light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems enable rapid imaging and mapping for applications such as autonomous vehicles and robotics. This paper presents a high-resolution LIDAR sensor system-on-a-chip (SoC) prototype containing a 31 × 2 pixel channel array with the input time-of-flight resolved by a 32 × 1 time-to-digital converter (TDC) array. A low-power avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver front-end with output bit-line sharing allows an array implementation and achieves − 22 dBm sensitivity. Injection-locked oscillators (ILOs) are utilized in a TDC design to both minimize clock distribution power and improve timing accuracy. An on-chip phase-looked loop calibrates for ILO global PVT variations and ensures reliability over a wide operating range. Fabricated in GP 65 nm CMOS, the 14-bit TDC consumes 788 μW/channel and achieves 52 ps resolution over an 830 ns full-scale range, 37.2 ps rms single-shot precision, 11 ps rms channel uniformity, and DNL/INL of 0.56/1.56 LSB, respectively. This electrical characterization projects that the SoC has the potential for 0.78 cm ranging precision over a 124 m maximum ranging distance. Sensor testing with a pulsed laser and an APD array hybrid-integrated with the CMOS SoC shows a measurement range of over 700 ns with a 3.2 ns maximum single-shot error.
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关键词
Avalanche photodiode (APD),Injection-locked oscillator (ILO),Light detection and ranging (LIDAR),3-D imaging,Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC),Time-of-flight,Time-to-digital converter (TDC),Transimpedance amplifier (TIA)
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