The Password Life Cycle.

Managing passwords is a difficult task for users, who must create, remember, and keep track of large numbers of passwords. In this work, we investigated users’ coping strategies for password management. Through a series of interviews, we identified a “life cycle” of password use and find that users’ central task in coping with their passwords is rationing their effort to best protect their important accounts. We followed up this work by interviewing experts about their password management practices and found that experts rely on the same kinds of coping strategies as non-experts, but that their increased situation awareness of security allows them to better ration their effort into protecting their accounts. Finally, we conducted a survey study to explore how the life cycle model generalizes to the larger population and find that the life cycle and rationing patterns can be seen in the broader population, but that survey respondents were less likely to characterize security management as a challenging task.