Delineation of Carpal Bones From Hand X-Ray Images Through Prior Model, and Integration of Region-Based and Boundary-Based Segmentations.

Image segmentation is critical and challenging in computer vision and medical image analysis. Despite decades of research, existing segmentation algorithms are still subject to typical segmentation problems, such as over-segmentation, under-segmentation, and non-closed and spurious edges. In this paper, taking the carpal bones from hand X-ray images as the foreground regions, we propose a segmentation approach to integrate segmentations from region-based and boundary-based methods to tackle these typical segmentation problems. First, adaptive local thresholding and adaptive Canny edge detection are explored to extract foreground regions and the edge map. Second, the integration of the edge map and foreground regions by XORing is proposed, to tackle the over-segmentation by adding a background boundary from the edge map near the carpal bone boundary so as to break the connection between the foreground and the over-segmented background, to handle under-segmentation by adding a foreground boundary from the edge map near the carpal bone boundary so as to enclose the missing foreground due to under-segmentation, and to complement non-closed edge and spurious edge from the edge map through the carpal bone regions from the local adaptive thresholding. Optionally, marker-controlled watershed segmentation or an active contour based method is employed to refine the integrated segmentation. The segmented foreground regions are identified through exploring a prior model. The proposed approach has been validated on 30 representative X-ray hand images for non-overlapping carpal bones to yield an average Dice coefficient of 0.976 0.006. The proposed method could provide a theory or tool for accurately segmenting images with discernible boundaries and non-uniform grayscale distribution both within the background and foreground.