Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing

•Traditional models of spatial processing are based on an oversimplified understanding of neuroanatomy.•Multiple, interacting memory systems, called Even Based, Knowledge Based, and Rule-Based Memory act upon information entering the brain.•The interactions among these brain regions are only now being characterized.•Evidence suggests the retrosplenial cortex may be critical for interactions among memory systems.•Disconnection and functional imaging experiments are essential to characterize how memory systems interact to process spatial information.